Publications
Joining, Upgrading and Being Competitive in Global Value Chains
A Strategic Framework
In recent years, global value chains have played an
increasing role in business strategies, profoundly
affecting international trade and development paradigms.
Global value chains now represent a major source of
socio-upgrading opportunities and a new path for
development. Trade, competitiveness and development
policies should be reshaped accordingly to seize these
opportunities and avoid the risks associated with greater
participation in global value chains.
This paper provides a framework and analytical tools for measuring and improving a country’s performance
with respect to participation in global value chains.
Beyond the Annual Budget : Global Experience with Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks
This report is structured as follows. Chapter two provides background on what constitutes a medium-term expenditure framework, or MTEF and what it aims to achieve. It also describes the Bank's engagement with MTEFs, presents main points of debate over the experience with MTEFs, and provides a rationale for this study. Chapter three describes the key characteristics of MTEFs, explains the approach used to identify and classify them according to their stage of development, and reviews trends in their adoption. Chapter four outlines the methodological approaches used to examine the impact of MTEFs on fiscal performance, formulates the research hypotheses that are tested in the study, and presents empirical findings from the event studies and econometric analysis. It also presents qualitative insights, informed by case studies, on how MTEFs have affected the quality of budgeting. Chapter five draws some lessons about the key institutional determinants of MTEF performance. Chapter six discusses lessons learned from Bank support for MTEF implementation. Finally, chapter seven presents the conclusions of the study and discusses their implications for the Bank. Several appendixes provide supporting material, including a country-by-country tabulation of MTEF status, a full discussion of econometric results, and country case studies.
World Bank 2013, Washington, DC Read More View PDF Market and Technology Trends in Underwater: Sensors & Instumentation
Underwater sensors and instrumentation have been developed for a broad range of activities – including mapping the seafloor, communicating underwater, locating underwater objects, and observing underwater animals and plants – carried out by government, industry, and the scientific research community. The Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness (CGGC) recently completed a study on the global value chains of ocean technologies, including underwater sensors and instrumentation, for a consortium led by Nova Scotia’s Department of Economic and Rural Development and Tourism (ERDT). Excerpts from the report on the market and technology trends in acoustic and nonacoustic underwater sensors and instrumentation are provided in this article.
Marine Technology Reporter (pp 4, 36-40). View PDF ROV/AUV Trends: Market and Technology
The Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance and Competitiveness (CGGC) recently completed a study on ocean technologies, including remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), for a consortium led by Nova Scotia’s Department of Economic and Rural Development and Tourism (ERDT). Excerpts from the report on the market and technology trends in ROVs and AUVs are provided in this article.
Marine Technology Reporter (pp. 48-51). View PDF California in the Nano Economy
Global Value Chains and Agrifoods Standards: Challenges and Possibilities for Smallholders in Developing Countries
The rise of private food standards has brought forth an ongoing debate about whether they work as a barrier for smallholders and hinder poverty reduction in developing countries. This paper uses a global value chain approach to explain the relationship between value chain structure and agrifood safety and quality standards and to discuss the challenges and possibilities this entails for the upgrading of smallholders.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 31 (July 31): 12326-12331. Part of Special Feature on “Agriculture Development and Nutrition Security.” View PDF View Publication U.S. Bus Rapid Transit: 10 high-quality features and the value chain of firms that provide them
Bus rapid transit (BRT) is increasingly being considered in cities across the United States as a reliable and cost-effective public transit mode. A large part of the appeal of BRT is its flexibility, offering a choice of system features that can be adapted to each community's needs and constraints. As more U.S. cities look to BRT, they will need to understand the value chain that provides the vehicles, technology, services and financing needed to create a high-quality BRT system.
CGGC Report U.S. Bus Rapid Transit Why the World Suddenly Cares About Global Supply Chains
The global value chain (GVC) concept has gained popularity as a way to analyze the international expansion and geographical fragmentation of contemporary supply chains and value creation and capture therein. It has been used broadly in academic publications that examine a wide range of global industries, and by many of the international organizations concerned with economic development. This note highlights some of the main features of GVC analysis and discusses the relationship between the core concepts of governance and upgrading.
Journal of Supply Chain Management 48, 3 (July): 24-32. View PDF View Article ROVs: A Global Value Chain Perspective
This article discusses the ROV value chain and Nova Scotia’s position within the chain.
Marine Technology Reporter View PDF Shipbuilding in Nova Scotia
This article reviews Nova Scotia's shipbuilding capabilities and emerging market opportunities
Maritime Reporter and Engineering News View PDF Part 2: Summaries of the Country Case Studies on Apparel Industry Development, Structure, and Policies
Part 2 of this book (Chapters 8-16) provides a detailed case study of the global value chain dynamics in the textile and apparel industries of each of the nine countries.
Sewing Success? Employment, Wages, and Poverty following the End of the Multi-fibre Arrangement p. 211-497, In G. Lopez-Acevedo & R. Robertson (Eds), Washington, DC: The World Bank View PDF Developments in the Global Apparel Industry after the MFA Phaseout
This chapter introduces dynamics in the global apparel value chain with a focus on the impacts of the lifting of the Multi-fibre Arrangement/ Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (MFA/ATC) and the global economic crisis in nine countries. A detailed analysis of each country is in Part 2 of this book.
Sewing Success? Employment, Wages, and Poverty following the End of the Multi-fibre Arrangement Pgs. 41-86, In G. Lopez-Acevedo & R. Robertson (Eds.), Washington, DC: The World Bank View PDF Upgrading and Restructuring in the Global Apparel Value Chain: Why China and Asia are Outperforming Mexico and Central America
This article uses the global value chain approach to analyze the upgrading trajectories of leading apparel exporters adapting to the end of textile and apparel quotas and the economic recession.
International Journal Technological Learning, Innovation and Development Vol. 4, Num. 1/2/3, Pages: 67-95 View CitationPrivate Employment Agencies in Morocco
This working paper and the Global Dialogue Forum are part of the ILO’s Sectoral Activities Programme.
ILO Sectoral Activities Programme: Working Paper View Report Economic Development Planning In Bedroom Communities: A Case Study of Chatham County, North Carolina
This article shares lessons learned in the economic development planning experience in Chatham County, North Carolina, a traditionally rural county on the urban fringe of the growing Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (C
Journal of Rural and Community Development Vol 6, No. 1 (2011) View AbstractIncreasing Stakeholder Participation in Industry Cluster Identification
This paper illustrates how one community pursued a collaborative approach to cluster identification and the costs and benefits of the method. It finds that increased stakeholder participation in the cluster identification stage improved the analytical qua
Economic Development Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 3, pgs. 211-220 View AbstractTraveling Technologies: Societal Implications of Nanotechnology Through the Global Value Chain
China's (Not So Hidden) Developmental State: Becoming a Leading Nanotechnology Innovator in the Twenty-First Century
This paper looks at how the debate over innovation is reflected in China's approach to national development, especially with respect to the use of nanotechnology.
State of Innovation: The U.S. Government's Role in Technology Development. Pp. 217-235 in Fred Block and Matthew R. Keller (eds.), Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.Global value chains and agrifoods standards: Challenges and possibilities for smallholders in developing countries
The rise of private food standards has brought forth an ongoing debate about whether they work as a barrier for smallholders and hinder poverty reduction in developing countries. This paper uses a global value chain approach to explain the relationship be
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS Early Edition, Dec 13 View Article Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World: A Development Perspective
The World Bank
Washington, DC Global Production Networks and Decent Work in India and China: Evidence from the Apparel, Automotive, and Information Technology Industries
The Prospects for Mexico in the North American Automotive Industry: A Global Value Chain Perspective
How Many Highly Skilled Foreign-Born Are Waiting in Line for U.S. Legal Permanent Residence?
The Global Apparel Value Chain, Trade and the Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries
Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance
Corporate codes of conduct, product certifications, process standards, and other voluntary, non-governmental forms of private governance have proliferated in the last two decades. These innovations are a response to social pressures unleashed by globaliza
Business Politics Mayer, Frederick and Gereffi, Gary (2010) View PaperPowder coating: A global value chain perspective
Employment and Human Resource Services in Egypt
This study was undertaken and written by Ms. Ghada Ahmed, currently a CGGC Research Associate, as her Master’s Project toward completion of her Master’s in International Development Policy from Duke’s Sanford School of Public Policy in 2010.
Duke University Master's Project View PDFThe Offshore Services Value Chain: Developing Countries and the Crisis
The Marketing and Distribution of Fast Food
A Reverse Brain Drain
Trade, Transnational Corporations and Food Consumption: A Global Value Chain Approach
This paper applies the GVC framework to examine the linkages between trade, foreign direct investment and food consumption in several illustrative country cases (China, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago), and highlights the role of TNCs as drivers of food co
Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options View Paper U.S.-Based Food and Agricultural Value Chains and Their Relevance to Healthy Diets
This article examines the structure and health implications of two industries, chicken and tomatoes, that play prominent roles in US food and agricultural competitiveness. Both industries have become more concentrated over time, with powerful “lead firms”
Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition Gereffi, Gary, Lee, Joonkoo and Christian, Michelle(2009) 'US-Based Food and Agricultural Value Chains and Their Relevance to Healthy Diets', Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 4: 3, 357 — 374 View Article The North American Automotive Value Chain: Canada's Role and Prospects
This paper deals with the North American automotive value chain and analyzes the prospects for Canadian automotive sector upgrading. Canada continues to have marginally lower operating costs than the USA and a strong industrial culture that attracts inves
International Journal of Technological Learning, Trade and Development Sturgeon, T.J., Van Biesebroeck, J. and Gereffi, G. (2009) ‘The North American automotive value chain: Canada’s role and prospects’, Int. J. Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, Vol. 2, Nos. 1/2, pp.25–52. View Article Globalisation of the Automotive Industry: Main Features and Trends
Value Chain Governance
This briefing paper explains the importance of identifying governance structures when conducting value chain analysis. It describes the factors, types, and determinants of governance, and gives some recommendations for practitioners to intervene to effect
USAID Briefing Paper View Briefing Paper
The American Brain Drain and Asia
Globalisation of the Automotive Industry: Main Features and Trends
This paper lays out the main features of the global automotive industry and identifies several important trends. The authors use global value chain analysis to help explain the limits of build-to-order in the industry, the role of regional and global supp
International Journal Technological Learning, Innovation and Development Int. J. Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, Vol. 2, Nos. 1/2, 2009 View Paper The Impacts of Wal-Mart: The Rise and Consequences of the World's Dominant Retailer
US-based Food and Agricultural Value Chains and Their Relevance to Healthy Diets
Special issue on “Food Systems and Public Health: Linkages to Achieve Healthier Diets and Healthier Communities.
Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition 4, 3: 357-374 Read MoreReview and Analysis of Protectionist Actions in the Textile and Apparel Industries
Protectionism in Textiles and Apparel
America's Loss is the World's Gain: America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Part IV
Since even before the 2008 financial and economic crisis, some observers have noted that a substantial number of highly skilled immigrants have started returning to their home countries, including persons from low-income countries like India and China who
America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs Series Wadhwa, Vivek, Saxenian, AnnaLee, Freeman, Richard B. and Gereffi, Gary, America's Loss is the World's Gain: America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Part 4 (March 2, 2009). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1348616 View ArticleMeasuring Success in the Global Economy: International Trade, Industrial Upgrading and Business Function Outsourcing in Global Value Chains
Development Models and Industrial Upgrading in China and Mexico
This article provides a broad comparison of the development models in Latin America and China, with an emphasis on how each has changed in recent decades. The article uses international trade data to examine industrial upgrading patterns in Mexico and Chi
European Sociological Review 25, 1 (February): 37-51 View ArticleThe Challenge of Global Value Chains: Why Integrative Trade Requires New Thinking and New Data
Report prepared for Industry Canada. This paper was prepared in response to a request from Industry Canada to develop recommendations for collecting data on the position of Canadian firms in global value chains (GVCs).
Industry Canada View Paper How the Disciple Became the Guru
This paper is based on detailed interviews with the CEOs, HR executives, R&D managers, and employees of 24 leading companies in rapidly growing sectors in India. The authors present an overview of best practices in recruiting, training, managerial develop
SSRN Wadhwa, Vivek, Kim de Vitton, Una and Gereffi, Gary, How the Disciple Became the Guru (July 23, 2008). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1170049 View ArticleThe Globalization of Innovation: Can India and China Cure the Global Pharmaceutical Market?
Multinational pharmaceutical corporations are searching for means to broaden their capacity for drug development while decreasing costs. Pharmaceutical firms in India and China are increasingly forging partnerships with these corporations to gain revenue
Working Paper Series Wadhwa, Vivek, Rissing, Ben, Gereffi, Gary, Trumpbour , John and Engardio, Pete, The Globalization of Innovation: Pharmaceuticals: Can India and China Cure the Global Pharmaceutical Market. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1143472 View PaperSkilled Immigration and Economic Growth
This paper explores the educational attainment and career trajectories of immigrant entrepreneurs in the U.S. The research confirms that advanced education in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) is correlated with high rates of
Applied Research in Economic Development Applied Research in Economic Development, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 6-14, 2008 PaperValue Chains, Networks and Clusters: Reframing the Global Automotive Industry
In this article the global value chain (GVC) approach is used to analyze recent trends in the global automotive industry, with special attention paid to the case of North America. Three elements of the GVC framework are used – firm level chain governance,
Journal of Economic Geography Journal of Economic Geography, 8 (2008) pp. 297–321 View Article Value Chain Governance (Spanish Version): La Gobernabilad de la Cadena de Valor
This briefing paper explains the importance of identifying governance structures when conducting value chain analysis. It describes the factors, types, and determinants of governance, and gives some recommendations for practitioners to intervene to effect
USAID Briefing Paper View Briefing PaperGetting the Numbers Right: International Engineering Education in the United States, China, and India
This article challenges the commonly cited statistics for engineering graduates in the United States, China, and India. The authors argue that the key issue in engineering education should be the quality of graduates, not just the quantity, since quantity
Journal of Engineering Education January 2008 Issue, p. 13-25 View Article Wal-Mart in China: Can the World's Largest Retailer Succeed in the World's Most Populous Market?
An article in the Harvard Asia Pacific Review on Wal-Mart's place in the China market.
Harvard Asia Pacific Review Gereffi, Gary & Ong, Ryan. (2007). Harvard Asia Business Review, Winter Issue, p.46-49. View ArticleNorth Carolina in the Global Economy: A Value Chain Perspective on the State's Leading Industries
This article highlights the features of the North Carolina in the Global Economy (NCGE) website.
Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management JTATM, Volume 5, Issue 4 View Article Intellectual Property, the Immigration Backlog and a Reverse Brain-Drain: Part III
This Kauffman Foundation-supported study is Part III of the "America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs" series, which focuses on immigrants' contributions to the competitiveness of the U.S. economy.
America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs Series View Paper Where the Engineers Are
To guide education policy and maintain its innovation leadership, the United States must acquire an accurate understanding of the quantity and quality of engineering graduates in India and China.
National Academy of Science Journal, Issues in Science & Technology View Article America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Part I
This paper assesses the contribution of skilled immigrants in the creation of engineering and technology businesses and intellectual property in the United States. The research shows that immigrants have become a significant driving force in the creation
Duke Science, Technology & Innovation Working Paper Series Duke Science, Technology & Innovation Paper No. 23 View ArticleThe New Offshoring of Jobs and Global Development (Book)
This volume contains the text of the ILO Social Policy Lectures (Jamaica, December 2005) revised and updated by Gary Gereffi. It is a joint publication of the University of the West Indies and the International Institute for Labour Studies.
International Institute for Labour Studies View Book Value Chain for the U.S. Cotton Industry
In this report, the authors take a comprehensive view of the cotton industry detailing the key actors, market forces and vulnerabilities within each of the main segments from cotton production to the manufacture of textiles and cottonseed products.
Report Prepared for Oxfam America View PDF